Target Audience

Physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, nurses, residents/fellows and other health care professionals in the cardiology and cardiovascular specialties, internal medicine and family practice.

Learning Objectives

By the end of this activity, the learner should be able to: 

• Discuss traditional risk factors and risk enhancers and how they differ between men and women. 
• Explain how obesity elevates risk of cardiovascular disease and effective weight management strategies.
• Discuss recent guideline updates concerning hormone replacement therapy in women with and without cardiovascular disease. 
• Identify the non-obstructive forms of ischemic heart disease in women.
• Discuss diagnosis, co-morbidities, and treatment of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) or World Health Organization (WHO) group 2 pulmonary hypertension, the most common type of heart failure/pulmonary hypertension in women.
• Identify cardiomyopathies that predominantly occur in women. 
• Discuss treatment of hypertension during pregnancy and management of the high-risk pregnant patient with cardiovascular disease.
• Describe how to minimize PCI and CAB complications in women. 
• Discuss the role of percutaneous interventions versus surgery in women with valvular heart disease.
• Explain how under-representation of women in cardiology/cardiovascular surgery and in clinical research trials affects patient care. 

Nursing Learning Outcome:

Upon completing this activity, 75% of learners are expected to self-report in the post-activity evaluation that they have acquired new knowledge and insights into the disease processes, management, and interventions related to cardiovascular diseases in women throughout their lifespan.

Available credit: 

• 6.00 AMA PRA Category 1 Credit™
• 6.00 Attendance
• 6.00 Nursing Contact Hours